'In such a changing environment this Handbook on Electronic Design Automation represents a welcome help for the practitioners of the system design as well as for students taking courses in the same area. Similarly, the business model has changed from vertical integration, in which one company did all the tasks from product speci?cation to manufacturing, to globally distributed, client server production in which most of the design and manufacturing tasks are outsourced. By the decomposition of the design process into many tasks and abstraction levels the methodology of designing chips or systems has also evolved. This difference in complexity introduced a paradigm shift which required sophisticated methods and tools, and introduced design automation into design practice. Gajski demonstrates the Y-chart automation. Designs with 20 tr- sistors are easily generated by design engineers without any tools, whilst designs with 20M transistors can not be done by humans in reasonable time without the help of Prof. The difference between 20 and 20M is in complexity, methodology and business models. Today modern processors runing personal computers have over 10milliontransistorsandmoremillionswillbeaddedevery year.

Latergoodradioshad15–20transistors and after that everyone stopped counting transistors. A good radio was judged to be one with more thententransistors. At that time an average radio had ?ve vacuum tubes and better ones even seven.

When I attended college we studied vacuum tubes in our junior year.

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